Omega Centauri globular cluster 35 degrees below Spica

Springtime is my favorite observing season. In the course of an evening you can face away from our own galaxy and feast your eyes on other Milky Ways, while tracking down some of the most spectacular [...]]]>

Follow the dipper arc to Arcturus, then spike to Spica

Omega Centauri globular cluster 35 degrees below Spica

Springtime is my favorite observing season. In the course of an evening you can face away from our own galaxy and feast your eyes on other Milky Ways, while tracking down some of the most spectacular objects tangled among the stars and dust of our own galaxy.

Omega Centauri is one of them. It’s the largest of the 150+ globular clusters discovered in our own Milky Way Galaxy. There may be even more undiscovered globular clusters hidden behind the gas and dust of our galaxy. Omega Centauri was discovered by Edmund Halley in 1677 as a nebula, but it had been listed in Ptolemy’s catalog 2000 years ago as a star! It’s located about 15,800 light-years from Earth and contains several million Population II stars. The stars in its center are so crowded that they are estimated to average only 0.1 light years away from each other. It is about 12 billion years old, and there is some speculation that Omega Centauri may be the core of a dwarf galaxy which was disrupted, destroyed and absorbed in an encounter with the Milky Way.

This spectacular object is well known to southern hemisphere observers, but it may come as a surprise that it can be seen from many northern hemisphere locations as well. If you are south of the 25th parallel or 25° (degrees) North latitude you should be able to see it 20° above the horizon, and located 35° below Virgo’s great blue-white star, Spica. I’ve observed it from 37° North (Lake Sonoma, CA) several times (from a hill with a negative horizon) and at 33° N in this writeup, where it appeared less than 20° above the horizon definitely! It’s been seen from 42° North as well, from a very flat horizon. It’s a naked eye object, but often the horizon is hazy, so scan with binoculars if you don’t see it with your eyes.

NGC 5128, Centaurus A Galaxy, and NGC 5139 Omega Centauri, the largest Globular Cluster in our Milky Way

To find Omega Centauri, you’ll first have to find Spica, the brightest star in Virgo. It helps right now that golden Saturn is near by. To find Spica, continue the curve of the big dipper handle and “arc to Arcturus, and then spike to Spica”. Spica transits — when it reaches its highest point in the sky — at around midnight daylight saving time. Use this table of transit times for major solar system objects and bright stars and select your observing dates, object (Spica in this case) and your location and press “compute”. “Alt” next to the transit time at your location indicates Spica’s altitude above the horizon. Spica and Omega Centauri transit at the same time, so look about 35° (one clenched fist is 10°) directly below Spica to look for an oval hazy cluster the size of the full moon. Can you see individual stars? Does it look round or oval? Try with your eyes, then with binoculars.

After confirming my view of Omega Centauri and making this little sketch (sketch view as seen through my binoculars), I opened my Herald Bobroff AstroAtlas to the Centaurus constellation pages and looked at what else was in the vicinity of Omega Centauri. I remembered a favorite galaxy, NGC5128, officially named Centaurus A, but nicknamed the hamburger galaxy for obvious reasons. Now I’ve seen both of these objects from Australian skies where they are not hugging the horizon. But even through a partially cloudy horizon, I was able to see this fabulous object, with its dark dust lane bisecting the oval galaxy.

NGC5128 is one of the closest radio galaxies to Earth, so its active galactic nucleus has been extensively studied by professional astronomers, and a supernova was detected in the galaxy’s dust lane in 1986. The Spitzer Space Telescope studies have confirmed that Centaurus A is colliding with and devouring a smaller spiral galaxy! Centaurus A is located approximately 4° north of Omega Centauri, and because the galaxy has a high surface brightness and relatively large angular size (2/3 the apparent size of Omega Centauri), it’s visible to the naked eye under good conditions. My sketch was made with difficulty, by aiming my 14.5-inch reflector (with a 10mm Radian eyepiece for 200x) nearly horizontal and half-perched uncomfortably on the bottom step of my observing ladder.

M68 cluster in Hydra, NGC2903 Galaxy in Leo

Before moving on, I observed another object in the southern sky line between Spica and Omega Centauri, Globular Cluster M68, or NGC4590 in the constellation Hydra. I sketched an oval glow of stars within a diffuse squarish haze of fainter stars.

Now it was time to get vertical and observe some other objects higher in the sky. The beautiful constellation Leo was still well placed in the southwest sky after midnight. I opened my Night Sky Observer’s Guide Volume 2, the Spring and Summer volume to Leo. Gamma Leonis, or Algeiba, is a beautiful deep yellow/orange and pale yellow double star in the sickle (or backwards question mark or lion’s mane) of Leo’s head. Next, I moved to a fascinating red dwarf, Wolf 359, near the famous Leo galaxies M95, M96 and the Leo “trio” of galaxies. Wolf 359 moves 4.71″ (arcseconds) per year or 8′(arcminutes) in a century. It’s the third closest star to the sun, at 7.75 light years away. Only Alpha Centauri and Barnard’s Star are closer. At magnitude 13.6 (similar to Pluto’s magnitude) it’s faint, but the striking red color helps distinguish it from the other nearby stars.

Leo 1 near Regulas, Leo’s heart was my next target. A faint dwarf galaxy overshadowed by bright Regulus is a member of the local group of galaxies, and may be one of the most distant satellites of the Milky Way. Faint NGC2903 — a very pretty magnitude 9 barred spiral galaxy tangled in the starry lion’s mane was worth a sketch. It’s 31 million light years away, local but not attached to any local galaxy group. I had to go and have a look at the supernova in Leo’s M65 galaxy – here is Mojo’s animation of M65,combining two images of M65, one shot on 3/9/13 at Amboy Crater, and one shot on 4/6/13 at Chuckwalla Bench located at N 33° 39′ 37″, W 115° 32′ 26″

Comet C/2011 L4 (PANSTARRS) shot before dawn on 4/7/13, five-minute exposure

It dawned on me I hadn’t observed Saturn yet. Under fabulous steady skies, I was able to pump up the magnification of my 15-inch Litebox reflector to over 300x using a 6mm Televue Radian eyepiece. When I say “my” 14.5-inch Litebox, I mean Mojo’s — I have a 12.5-inch and 17.5-inch version of these fabulous time machines. This image taken by Anthony Wesley the same night shows Saturn as I viewed it. My visual view was not quite this vivid, but the contrast of the colors is very similar to what I saw, including the dark north polar region, so famous in the Cassini North Polar Hexagon images. The distinct band colors and darker north polar area I saw and sketched were varying shades of butterscotch and chocolate.

All that was left now was Comet PanSTARRS, and we had to wait until about 4:00 a.m. for Andromeda to rise in the northeastern sky. I observed it in my 7×50 Carton Adlerblick binoculars quickly and then pooped out and went to sleep until well after dawn. Mojo stayed up and took this lovely image, plus several more including a time sequence showing the comet’s motion. It’s really worth a look and a read and here’s the link. Until next dark sky observing night on May 11, I’m signing off!

Mojo’s images and report from the same night

Here’s Mojo’s atrophotography post from the same evening.

After some months away from dark skies, everything looks foreign, even to long time observers like me. I recognize the familiar constellations, but sometimes I forget where some of my favorite telescopic targets are located. On nights like this, I don’t just revisit [...]]]>

Start your night with binoculars

Here’s Mojo’s atrophotography post from the same evening.

After some months away from dark skies, everything looks foreign, even to long time observers like me. I recognize the familiar constellations, but sometimes I forget where some of my favorite telescopic targets are located. On nights like this, I don’t just revisit the same old objects with my telescope. I sit down and scan the sky — from horizon to horizon — with my binoculars, until a stargazing project presents itself to me.

There are a lot of binoculars out there. When I was beginning my amateur astronomy hobby 25 years ago, I bought a pair of Carton Adlerblick 7 X 50 (7 times magnified) binoculars. I still use them, though I do have more powerful binos, which weigh more, which is why I rarely use them. These Adlerblicks are my go-to binoculars. They are lightweight and are great for both terrestrial and celestial viewing.

So, on some dark sky nights, I start my observing session by scanning the sky with my binoculars, and hope to find an object or theme of objects to observe. I end up with an old favorite in the binocular view pretty quickly almost every time.

Sky Map Pro sky chart crop showing Kemble's Cascade with the location of NGC 1502, 1501 and IC 342 shown

Kemble's Cascade, sketched from 7 x 50 binocular view

That happened last night (March 9, 2013), as I scanned the northern constellations from Amboy Crater, our current favorite dark sky site. All of a sudden, my entire binocular field of view was bisected by a line of bright stars, Kemble’s Cascade, an old favorite of mine! This is one of the joys of visual observing. I love to scan the sky with binoculars, then dig a little deeper to see what is in the neighborhood using my star charts. After years of observing “lists” of projects, I really enjoy just letting my binoculars be my guide to a night of stargazing.

Kemble’s Cascade is a nearly straight line of stars as long as 5 full moons lined up side by side. It completely spanned my binocular field of view. Kemble’s Cascade is one of the finest binocular objects in the winter sky, but is located in one of the most difficult constellations to actually see: Camelopardalis, the camel leopard (or the Giraffe). It’s located near Polaris, between and above Cassiopeia and Perseus. Quick hint: I aim my binoculars at the Perseus Double cluster, and scan up from there until I find it. This asterism (not a constellation, but a group of stars forming some shape) was named after Father Lucian J. Kemble, an amateur astronomer from Canada who first saw this cascade of faint stars.

I took out my sketch notebook and sketched this view from my binoculars. Now my evening stargazing project had a start. After I made this sketch, I opened my Night Sky Observer’s Guide (NSOG) to the constellation Camelopardalis to remind myself what else was in the neighborhood. This two (three, actually – the third being southern skies) book series is organized by constellation with one book for summer and spring constellations, and another volume for autumn and winter. It’s my go-to observing book. I can open it to any constellation and find a wonderful starhopping project for the night.

Camelopardalis is a northern circumpolar constellation. Find Polaris, the North Star and you are in the celestial neighborhood of the camel-leopard, or Giraffe constellation.

One of the finder charts in the chapter on Camelopardalis showed several objects near the Kemble’s Cascade line of stars – a star cluster, a planetary nebula and a galaxy. I hadn’t looked at these for a while – two are on William Herschel’s small project list, the Herschel 400, which I observed many years ago. So I settled in for a pleasant hour of starhopping. Through the telescope, only a few of the stars of Kemble’s Cascade filled each eyepiece view. So first I just rode along the cascade, star by star. The first of the deep sky objects soon was in my eyepiece.

Open Cluster NGC 1502

Planetary Nebula NGC 1501

Face-on spiral galaxy IC 342

NGC 1502 – The New General Catalogue of Nebulae and Clusters of Stars (NGC) is a well-known catalogue of deep sky objects compiled by Dreyer in 1888, as a new version of John Herschel’s Catalogue of Nebulae and Clusters of Stars. NGC 1502 is a stunning open cluster near the south end of Kemble’s Cascade, 2,680 light-years away, and estimated to be only 11.2 million years old. Once you memorize where to find the Cascade (I can see this cluster naked eye from our dark sky observing spots, and use it to find Kemble’s Cascade), you have a second easy-to-find, and crowd pleasing object to share with others. The cluster is rich with bright stars, shines at magnitude 5.7, making it naked-eye visible from a dark sky. It will remind experienced stargazers of the ET Cluster, NGC 457 in nearby Cassiopeia. (At least it reminds me of that nearby cluster)! They both have two prominent non-human “eyes” comprised of brighter stars. Take some time looking at this cluster, and find the pretty blue and gold double star embedded in it.

NGC 1501 is a bright planetary nebula with a blue color visible from a dark sky, glowing at magnitude 11.5, located 4,900 light-years distant. Though it’s not naked eye visible, it’s easy to find in a moderate-sized (6-12 inch) telescope. It will remind experienced observers of the Eskimo nebula in Gemini. If your sky conditions allow, view this nebula at high power – I used a 9mm eyepiece on my 12.5 inch f/5.75 reflector for a magnification of 202X. At this power I was able to see the faint blue color, dark and light markings, and see that it was wider in the middle. 8-10 inch telescopes will show this detail at high power from a dark sky.

IC 342 (IC stands for Index Catalogue, one of two supplements to the NGC. The first was published in 1895 and contained 1,520 objects, while the second was published in 1908 and contained 3,866 objects, for a total of 5,386 IC objects). IC 342 is a spiral galaxy seen face-on. The nucleus is bright and the spiral arms are visible in a dark sky through moderate sized telescopes such as my 12.5 inch reflector. The magnitude is an easy 9.1 — easy through a telescope, not naked-eye visible. It is 6.5 million light years away. On the SW side of the galaxy, a string of foreground Milky Way stars – 6 stars in a straight line – are easy to see. IC 342 is one of the brightest two galaxies in the IC 342/Maffei Group of galaxies, one of the galaxy groups that is closest to our Local Group. In 1935, Harlow Shapley declared that this galaxy was the third largest spiral galaxy by angular size then known, smaller only than the Andromeda Galaxy (M31) and the Triangulum Galaxy (M33), being wider that the full moon. (Modern estimates are more conservative, giving the apparent size as one-half to two-thirds the diameter of the full moon). It is almost hidden from view behind the veil of stars, gas and dust clouds in the plane of our Milky Way galaxy!

Don’t be afraid to scan the sky with binoculars, even if you don’t know where you are looking or what to do you once you see something interesting. Ask a nearby astronomer, and in many cases, she will be able to aim her telescope at your new binocular discovery. It’s a great way to start your stargazing hobby!

Observing near the summer solstice means a short observing night sandwiched between a late sunset and an early dawn. Rather than rush through an observing project I find it’s a great time of the year to sit back and trace familiar constellations in my [...]]]>

Summer Milky Way, Scorpius and dark nebulae, image by Morris Jones

Observing near the summer solstice means a short observing night sandwiched between a late sunset and an early dawn. Rather than rush through an observing project I find it’s a great time of the year to sit back and trace familiar constellations in my minds eye, and marvel with anticipation as the eastern horizon brightens. Soon, the stars of Scorpius and Sagittarius will rise and the “clouds” on the horizon take shape as lumps and glittery clusters, bisected by dark nebulae — those mysterious star-less regions within our Milky Way Galaxy.

It’s hard not to just sit and gaze at the unfolding spectacle. So for the first hour or two after darkness last Saturday night (June 16, 2012) I sat in my meteor observing chair and observed the sky with my own eyes. Every now and then I jumped up and eyeball-aimed Mojo’s 15-inch Litebox reflector at this cluster or that nebula. The sky conditions at Amboy Crater were near perfect.

We have 360 degree perfect horizons at this site, with small light domes from 29 Palms, and from departing trains. Temperatures are warm with just a hint of breeze, hot before sunset, shirtsleeve observing all night long, humidity 10% rising to 20% at dawn. Conditions are dry and warm. No dew. Ever! Here’s the Clear Sky Chart for Amboy Crater.

Lyra

Ophiuchus and Poniatowski's Bull

the demoted constellation Poniatowski's Bull and Ophiuchus

As I was looking at the constellation Lyra and its gem-of-a-telescope-target, the Ring nebula, M57, I spotted an asterism nearby, in the northeastern section of Ophiuchus that looked just like Lyra, except it was upside down.

That looked like a good place to select an observing project, so I cracked open my copy of the Night Sky Observers Guide, volume 2 Spring and Summer to the constellation Ophiuchus. I noticed this little group of stars that looked like Lyra were part of an open cluster, and that there was another pretty cluster in the neighborhood.

Best of all, Barnard’s Star was within the cluster! Barnard’s Star is the second closest star to the Earth — only 6 light years away, shining at a faint magnitude 9.5. The Alpha Centauri system, including Proxima Centauri, together are about 4 LY away, but we can’t see them from the US. Barnard’s Star has the greatest proper motion — the angular annual movement across the line of sight against the distant stellar background of any star. It moves 10.4 seconds of arc per year. That compares to a quarter of a degree in a human lifetime, roughly the angular diameter of the full Moon.

Amateur astronomers, carefully sketching or imaging Barnard’s Star once a year for a couple years can actually track the movement of the star. It’s a cool red dwarf. And it’s listed in Jim Kaler’s fabulous book The Hundred Greatest Stars. Jim writes “Barnard’s Star has a metal content only 10 percent that of the Sun. That coupled with its high velocity shows it to be a special, rather rare, kind of star called a “subdwarf” that more belongs to the metal-poor and ancient halo of our Galaxy (the Sun belonging to the disk). It is merely passing through our local neighborhood.”

You’ll definitely need a star chart to find it. Here’s one showing Barnard’s Star within the Melotte 186 star cluster with pretty IC 4665 nearby. This tiny faint red dwarf is a challenge, but it’s worth it, as are the two clusters.

The neighborhood it’s passing (to our line of sight), is through the demoted constellation Poniatowski’s Bull. This V- shaped set of stars looks like a bull’s head and horns in northeastern Ophiuchus. I see Lyra, instead, by adding a few other stars. It was named Poniatowski’s Bull (Taurus Poniatovii), to honor Stanislaus Poniatowski, King of Poland from 1764 to 1795. Named by Polish-Lithuanian astronomer and mathemetician Marcin Odlanicki Poczobutt whose observatory at Vilnius gained royal favor from the King.

So now, when you are looking at our Milky Way, notice Vega and her constellation Lyra. Then turn your head ever so slightly to the right, and you’ll see huge Ophiucus, which looks like a big percolator coffee pot to me. It’s above and between Scorpius and Sagittarius. The left star of the “lid” of the coffeepot is part of my “upside down Lyra”.

Nothing beats visual astronomy. Without taking the time to sit down and just look at the sky, and trace the constellations I never would have discovered this lovely demoted constellation for the first time!

There is always something to observe that you’ve never seen before, even if it is the same old stars. That’s what makes visual astronomy my go-to hobby. Pun intended!

Mojo’s images and writeup from the same night: predawn planets & astrophotography

More Fast Moving Stars

More Demoted Constellations

Early morning hikes – the Chuckwallas of Amboy Crater

Astroatlas B Chart page for Grus and Telescopium, well below Capricornus and Sagittarius

NGC131 and 134 and a 5-spot of mag 10 stars

NGC55 image by Morris Jones, used with permission

While Mojo and I were observing at Amboy Crater on October 22, 2011, Cliff, another observer at the site pointed [...]]]>

Herald-Bobroff Astroatlas

Astroatlas B Chart page for Grus and Telescopium, well below Capricornus and Sagittarius

NGC131 and 134 and a 5-spot of mag 10 stars

NGC55 image by Morris Jones, used with permission

While Mojo and I were observing at Amboy Crater on October 22, 2011, Cliff, another observer at the site pointed out the constellation Grus, The Crane, low on the southern horizon. Grus isn’t a constellation I’ve paid attention to before – you need to be able to see down to the southern horizon in the fall, and you need to be observing at +34N Latitude or further south. If you can see well below Capricornus, Sagittarius and Sculptor in the autumn, give it a try!

None of the star charts I brought on that occasion showed Grus, but I had just the startool at home for the following weekends (October 29) outing — the Herald-Bobroff Astroatlas! I hadn’t needed this lovely atlas since my 1999 Ayer’s Rock Australian observing trip with 20 other astronomers, and welcomed reacquainting myself with it. The atlas begins with the A Charts – wide swaths of the sky, showing several entire constellations. From there you are directed to the B Charts (image at your left), showing smaller segments of the sky and bright stars. The C Charts (9th mag stars and 14th mag. deep sky objects) are where I headed for this night’s observing, but in the past I have drilled down to the D (11th mag. stars and 15th mag deep sky objects), E and F charts for detail showing Coma and Virgo galaxy clusters and the Magellanic Clouds.

There aren’t any bright galaxies to hunt for in the constellation Grus, and observing low to the horizon doesn’t afford the best views, either. But even so, I quickly observed the top ten or so – including some lovely galaxy clusters. First I went for NGC7590 and 7599, a pretty pair of spiral galaxies discovered by John Herschel and Charles Dunlop. I didn’t see the distant Abell 1111 cluster, 2 billion light years away, just the two brighter galaxies.

Next I hunted down a group of galaxies near NGC7418 – a face-on spiral galaxy nestled in a pretty string just below Fomalhaut on the Grus Sculptor border. Here’s a photo of the galaxies I observed. 7418 was discovered by Sir John Herschel at the Cape of Good Hope with an 18-inch f/13 speculum telescope in 1847. A supernova erupted in this galaxy in 1983. And Allan Sandage (1975, Astrophysical Journal, 202, 563-582) notes that this galaxy is a member of the IC1459 Grus Group.

Well after midnight on this perfect observing night, our friend Dave came over and told me he had just observed some objects he had not logged before. “A pair of galaxies, with a little dice-shaped asterism of five stars next to it”. Soon I was on my own hunt for NGC131 and 134. It’s to the lower left of big open cluster Blanco 1 on the star chart. The smaller 131 was discovered by John Herschel in 1834, and the larger 134 was discovered in 1826 by James Dunlop in Australia. They are part of our local group of galaxies (LGG), and the galaxy group is also known as LGG-007 located 63 to 82 million lights years away. My sketch is to the left.

This part of the sky is littered with easy to find galaxies, and I spent several hours hopping from one to another. I was observing NGC55, an interesting barred irregular galaxy only 7 million light years away. It’s one of the closest galaxies to our own local group! I encouraged Mojo image it, even though it was low to the horizon. I love his image, and it looked a lot like this through the eyepiece, too. I made a rough sketch of the galaxy, and when I looked at Mojo’s image we both showed the pretty lineup of stars outlining the galaxy.

This is just a sample of the dozens of galaxies I looked at in the deep southern sky on a late October evening. Fall offers long nights of darkness for galaxy starved amateur astronomers tired of all the bright milky way objects of summer. So ladies and gentleman, start your telescopes, and point as low as you can go. Aim your telescopes where the wings of the southern birds Grus and Phoenix fly. If you can’t go that low, Sculptor offers dozens of amazing objects to view. Open your atlas to the constellations around the South Galactic Pole near Sculptor, and you’ll enjoy hours of surfing the southern skies.

Here are Mojo’s Astrophotos from October 29, 2011. I enjoyed visually observing these objects, and then seeing these postcards sent from the universe through Mojo’s astrophotography.

Diagram of the Observable Universe

Review of the Herald-Bobroff Astroatlas

Images showing our observing spot at sunset and waiting for moonset

NGC7380 emission nebula and cluster

The Great Galaxy in Andromeda, M31, with M32 and M110 nearby

The Pegasus 1 galaxy cluster

I love to take my telescope out to observe the sky, and I find that the objects studied or discovered by scientists (from the past or the present) make for an [...]]]>

Comet/2010 G2 (HILL)

NGC7380 emission nebula and cluster

The Great Galaxy in Andromeda, M31, with M32 and M110 nearby

The Pegasus 1 galaxy cluster

I love to take my telescope out to observe the sky, and I find that the objects studied or discovered by scientists (from the past or the present) make for an even more rich observing (and learning) experience. Here are just a few observations from a fantastic night at Amboy Crater October 22, 2011. Amboy Crater is well worth a visit for daytime hikes as well as for spectacular stargazing at night.

IAU circular No. 9134, issued on 2010, April 11, announced the discovery by R. E. Hill of a new comet on Apr. 10, 2010, in the course of the Catalina Sky Survey. After posting on the Minor Planet Center’s NEOCP webpage, many observers checked out this 19.5 magnitude object, designated C/2010 G2 (HILL). (HILL) is well known and well respected Rik Hill of the Lunar and Planetary Lab at University of Arizona, Tuscon. He literally wrote the book about observing sunspots for the A.L.P.O. Sunspotter program. I used this book to sketch sunspots and complete the ALPO Sunspotter program last solar maximum in 2002, and I encourage you to complete this amazing program now, as solar maximum is coming up! I observed Rik’s comet on October 22, 2011, when it was magnitude 10.78 and 1.5 AU distant from Earth. It was small, the coma diameter was 6.2′ – and it was very hard to find! Here’s Mojo’s lovely image from that night. In the eyepiece the green color was absent, in fact it was nearly a no-see-um! Here’s a finder chart. Now, off to explore the Milky Way.

NGC7380 is an open cluster sometimes referred to as the Wizard Nebula located in the constellation Cepheus. It’s about 7,000 light-year away from Earth. The stars of NGC7380 have emerged from the star-forming region in the last 5 million years or so, making it a relatively young cluster. Here’s the image from NASA’s WISE Mission of NGC7380 in 2010. It’s a mosaic of images spanning an area on the sky of about 5 times the size of the full moon. Caroline Herschel discovered this cluster on August 7, 1787 when her brother William Herschel was away in London. She discovered many objects, include comets on the nights she was not recording William’s famous observations. Let’s check out a galaxy in our local group now.

Everyone with a telescope observes the great Andromeda Galaxy, M31 as soon as convenience and sky conditions allow. It’s the largest galaxy of our galactic family, the Local Group, which consists of not only the Andromeda Galaxy, and our own Milky Way galaxy, but also the Triangulum Galaxy, M33, and about 30 other smaller galaxies. It’s visible with the unaided eye if you know where to look from a dark sky. It’s magnificent in binoculars, and unsurpassed in a telescopic view, no matter how big or small the telescope might be. Here’s the image from NASA’s Spitzer Space Telescope which studied our neighbor galaxy. Mojo reprocessed this image a week later. Now let’s move out beyond our local group and check out something extragalactic.

Perseid 1 Galaxy Cluster is 250 million light years distant. It’s not in the local group! The brightest members are a pair of magnitude 11 elliptical galaxies — NGC7619 and NGC7626 — which you can see in Mojo’s first image from October 22. Here’s a fascinating (and local) report on NGC7619 by Mt. Wilson Observatory’s Milton Humason written in 1929. In the early twentieth century, the construction of big telescopes at Mount Wilson (the 60-inch and 100-inch) allowed astronomers to determine the motions of galaxies for the first time.

Milton Humason used the 100-inch telescope on Mt. Wilson. He writes “During the past year two spectrograms of N. G. C. 7619 were obtained with Cassegrain spectrograph VI attached to the 100-inch telescope. This spectrograph has a 24-inch collimating lens, two prisms, and a 3-inch camera, and gives a dispersion of 183 Angstroms per millimeter at 4500. We present new observational results of NGC 7619, an elliptical galaxy with a prominent X-ray tail and a dominant member of the Pegasus group”.

More recently, Chandra and XMM-Newton observations confirmed the presence of a long X-ray tail on NGC7619. I love seeing objects our space telescopes study and image! And I often spend many enjoyable hours learning the science behind my stargazing targets when I’m back at the armchair.

Here is Mojo’s blog + photos from October 22 at Amboy Crater.

Here is Mojo’s blog + photos from October 29 at Red Cloud Road.

Boötes, Canes Venatici, Coma Berenices and Quadrans Muralis

The Northeast sky Jan 4 at 1:00 a.m. PST. Look between Ursa Major and Minor, and the bright star Arcturus in Boötes for the location of Quadrans Muralis on the Boötes-Draco border

Looking Northeast [...]]]>

Johann Bode's 1801 Uranographia, showing Quadrans Murales, Boötes and other constellations

Boötes, Canes Venatici, Coma Berenices and Quadrans Muralis

The Northeast sky Jan 4 at 1:00 a.m. PST. Look between Ursa Major and Minor, and the bright star Arcturus in Boötes for the location of Quadrans Muralis on the Boötes-Draco border

Looking Northeast before sunrise, chart courtesy of Spaceweather.com

Most meteor showers radiate from a recognizable constellation like Leo’s Leonids, Gemini’s Geminids and Orion’s Orionids. What’s up with the January Quadrantids? Where do you find their constellation? In Quadrans Muralis, a demoted constellation.

The first 60+ Roman constellations didn’t cover the sky south of the equator, so over the years, astronomers took up the task and filled in the empty spaces with new constellations, including some in the northern sky.

The International Astronomical Union divided up the sky into official constellations in 1930. 88 constellations remained, but over 30 constellations didn’t make the cut. Among those demoted was Quadrans Muralis, the location of January’s brilliant, but brief Quadrantid meteor shower. Apis, the bee, Felis, the cat, and Solarium the sundial were other constellations demoted into obsoleteness. One ancient constellation, Argo Navis, didn’t survive, either. It’s the only one of the 48 constellations listed by 2nd century astronomer Ptolemy no longer officially recognized as a constellation. Like other pieces of large real estate, it was subdivided into smaller segments in the 17th century, and those constellations — Carina the Keel, Vela the Sails, and Puppis the Poop Deck — survived demotion.

There were good reasons to define and standardize the constellation list, even if it meant losing some historic or whimsical constellations. One reason, according to the IAU was “to aid in the naming of new variable stars, which brighten and fade rather than shine steadily. Such stars are named for the constellation in which they reside, so it is important to agree where one constellation ends and the next begins.”

Quadrans Muralis was added to the constellations by Joseph J. de Lalande in 1795, to commemorate the quadrant he used to observe and measure stellar positions. The quadrant was an instrument very similar to today’s sextant. A few years later, in the early 1800′s a meteor shower was discovered to radiate from this constellation, and the meteor shower was named for the constellation.

Created from stars found to the north of Boötes, the herdsmen; Quadrans Muralis can be found in a rich area of the northern sky filled with pretty constellations. The big and little dippers (the most recognizable parts of Ursa Major and Ursa Minor) are the most familiar sights but you’ll also find the Northern Crown, Corona Borealis, Boötes and his two hunting dogs Asterion and Chara in Canes Venatici, and Coma Berenices, the hair of Bernice. Take a tour of the area through binoculars on January 3rd before midnight while waiting for the radiant to rise.

Update for 2012 for Southern California meteor observers: “The radiant rises at 1:00 am local time and the moon sets at 3:00 am. The predicted peak (2:30 am Eastern 11:30 PST (07:30 UT January 4, 2011).

The Quadrantids (QUA) or January Bootids are active from January 1st through the 10th. A sharp maximum is predicted to occur near 0730 Universal Time on the 4th. This corresponds to 02:30 EST and 23:30 PST (January 3rd). This is good timing for viewers located in eastern North America as the radiant will rising above the northeastern horizon. It would even be better if the maximum were a bit later as the radiant would be located higher in the sky, producing more activity.

Rates will depend on the exact time of maximum and whether the moon is still above the horizon. Assuming the 0730 UT timing is correct, the further one is located in North America, the better. Eastern observers may be able to see 60-75 Quadrantids per hour. If your skies are very clear and dark, allowing you to see faint meteors, your rates could top 100 per hour. Observers located in the western portions of North American will have lower rates but will also have the opportunity to see Quadrantid “earthgrazers”. Earthgrazers are meteors that skim the upper portion of the atmosphere therefore lasting much longer than normal and producing long trails in the sky. These meteors can only be seen when the radiant lies close to the horizon. As the radiant rises, the meteor paths
will become shorter with shorter durations. Observers in the northern hemisphere outside of North America can expect to see a maximum of 25 Quadrantids per hour between moon set and dawn.

At maximum the radiant is located at 15:21 (230) +49. This position lies in a barren region of extreme northern Bootes, ten degrees northeast of the fourth magnitude star Beta Bootis. At 42 km/sec. the Quadrantids produce meteors of medium velocity. During exceptional activity some Quadrantid fireballs may be witnessed. Courtesy Bob Lundsford posting on the MeteorObs Yahoo Group.

Streaming video & a visibility map for tonight’s (January 3-4, 2012) Quadrantids meteor shower

Quadrantids History

IAU and the 88 Constellations

My What’s Up video for January 2011 (not 2012): The January 3-4 Quadrantid Meteor Shower

My What’s Up video for January 2012: Evolving planets, an asteroid to view (Eros), plus the Quadrantids

Stardate: Saturday November 14, 2009. Place: Chuckwalla Bench Observing Site Equipment: 12.5-inch Litebox Reflector, f/5.75 Pierrre Schwaar mirror Sky conditions: Better than expected (clear, steady, good transparancy, but cold)

Mojo and I try to head out to our favorite dark sky observing spot every new moon Saturday night. Usually several of our Old [...]]]>

IC 405 and AE Aurigae

Stardate: Saturday November 14, 2009.
Place: Chuckwalla Bench Observing Site
Equipment: 12.5-inch Litebox Reflector, f/5.75 Pierrre Schwaar mirror
Sky conditions: Better than expected (clear, steady, good transparancy, but cold)

Mojo and I try to head out to our favorite dark sky observing spot every new moon Saturday night. Usually several of our Old Town Sidewalk Astronomer friends join us, and usually there are half a dozen telescopes. But this month we were the lone astronomers.

Mojo has been infected by the Astrophotography virus for the past 2 years. Lucky me! I plunder his images and have included many in my monthly What’s Up podcasts. It’s not easy to find good wide field images of the constellations and low/zero power images of celestial objects, and his are really gorgeous. I love Mojo’s images of the galactic “smudges” because they show what deep sky objects really look like through a modest telescope. But he also wants to image the “eye candy” objects up close and personal, and luckily he welcomes an imaging suggestion from me every now and then.

Mojo's Auriga - center left is bright Capella

I rotated Mojo's Auriga 120 degrees clockwise & annotated it because this is how I see it in my mind's eye - like a house with a door

So on this particular night, I wanted to observe one really interesting star and one really interesting deep sky object in several of the winter constellations. In Perseus, I observed Eta Persei, a spectacular gold and blue double star, and NGC 1491, a fan shaped emission nebula.

The constellation Auriga is right next to Perseus, so I opened the good book, and by that I mean the Night Sky Observer’s Guide (NSOG) volume 1 (Autumn and Winter) to Chapter 5, Auriga the Charioteer. Under the “Interesting Stars” chapter, variable star AE Aurigae caught my attention, even thought it only garnered a rating of 3 out of 5 stars — meaning it was an “average” viewing object.

AE Aurigae is one of the runaway stars whose proper motion can be traced back to the Orion Nebula. It is about 1500 light-years away and is an unusual O-type star with irregular light variations. It shines with the luminosity of 10,000 suns, but because of its distance is just on the edge of naked eye visability at varying magnitudes from 5.78 to 6.08. The NSOG goes on to say the star illuminates IC 405, the Flaming Star Nebula. Wow! That sounded like a very interesting object to view, despite the so-so rating. I called Mojo over to show him my project and mentioned how difficult the nearby nebula was to see visually. I could just barely see it, after trying with and without my O-lll, H-Beta and UHC filters. Only the UHC filter helped a little, and not very much. He thought it would be a challenging imaging project, and the constellation was in a great spot for astrophotography. I showed him where the object was, just next to a line of 4 stars that make up part of the front door of the “house of Auriga”, sort of where the doorbell should be. An hour of imaging later, we were both blown away the rippling waves, curling tendrils and the red color in the nebula.

Back home the next day I did some more research on the two objects. The Spitzer Space Telescope observed the Flaming Star Nebula, an emission/reflection nebula in infrared wavelengths. Their observations show evidence of a bow shock created by the interaction between the runaway star and the nebular material. The runaway star, AE Aurigae is from the Orion association of O and B type stars. AE Aurigae and Mu Columbae were hurled out of the Orion nebula’s famous Trapezium area before the Trapezium stars were even born! Did one of the stars’ binaries go supernova and did the explosion send these stars hurtling through space in different directions? According to Jim Kaler’s Stars website the collision sent two stars out of the cluster, and the beautiful double star Iota Orionis — the brightest star in Orion’s belt — remained.

AE Aurigae is moving north at 128k/s (80 miles per second) and is now 40 degrees north of Orion in Auriga. Mu Columbae is now 28 degrees to the south, in the constellation Columba, the Dove. That’s the constellation south of Canis Major and Lepus. Standing out under a dark sky and tracing the path from Orion to the runaway star’s location in Auriga was just mind boggling. Then I eyeballed the the path of Mu Columbae from the Orion nebula past bright Sirius down to the dog’s butt of Canis Major, and on down to Columba. Next month I’ll have to try and see the Columba runaway star.

That was a great project for both of us! I really enjoyed observing a wild stellar object which had been studied and imaged by one of our great orbiting observatories. And Mojo enjoyed imaging an object that was practically invisible at the telescope eyepiece, but waiting for its closeup in front of his camera.

Mojo blogs about Pinwheels, Horseheads and Flaming Stars – his projects on the same night.

NGC 246 the Skull Nebula

IC 2118 Witch Head Nebula

It’s time to get out the Milky Way and Mars candy bars, the Moon Pies and the Starburst chews. It’s Halloween! The moon — just past first quarter — will greet your trick or treaters this year. A first quarter [...]]]>

The ghoul on the moon

NGC 246 the Skull Nebula

IC 2118 Witch Head Nebula

It’s time to get out the Milky Way and Mars candy bars, the Moon Pies and the Starburst chews. It’s Halloween! The moon — just past first quarter — will greet your trick or treaters this year. A first quarter moon rises at noon and is high overhead at sunset. It sets around midnight. It’s the perfect Halloween moon, no trick for the astronomers to show and a real treat for their visitors to see.

Halloween falls on the 8th day of the lunar month in October 2014, and the rugged Appenine mountains, and the oval walled plain Plato are both visible. With binoculars or telescopes, find the
Straight Wall, a lunar fault line best visible on this night. Tycho and Copernicus are on the terminator the next day, and so is Clavius, the large walled plain south of Tycho. My astronomy group, the Old Town Sidewalk Astronomers shows the moon every first quarter moon Saturday night on our town square. Check your own local astronomers, museum, planetarium or college science department. I bet they do too!

Here are my favorite spooky named objects. Some are tricks and all are treats! The galaxies and nebulae will require a dark sky, but the lunar features and double stars are city observing targets. Have fun observing and let me know your favorites and I’ll add them to the list next year!

Mirach’s Ghost NGC 404 in Andromeda, magnitude 11,
size 4.3′ x 3.9′ This galaxy is hard to see. Move Mirach (Beta Andromedae) out of the way for a ghostly view.

The Phantom Streak NGC 6741 in Aquila, magnitude
10.8, size 6″. A fast evolving planetary nebula.

The Ghost of the Moon Nebula NGC 6781 in Aquila,
magnitude 11.8, size 1.8′. A nice round ghostly planetary nebula.

The Spider Galaxy NGC 5829 (Arp 42) in Bootes, magnitude
13.8, 1.7′ x 1.5′. Pretty face-on spiral galaxy in BOOtes. Scary!

The Skull Nebula NGC 246 in Cetus, magnitude 8,
size 3.8′. William Herschel discovered this large planetary nebula. It’s easy to find, and a real treat! I looked at this planetary nebula through my telescope just last Saturday night, October 25th, 2014! It’s one of my favorites.

The Witch Head Nebula. IC 2118 in Eridanis, magnitude 13, size 160′ by 80′. (About the same size as the Andromeda Galaxy which is 189′ by 61′). This very large and very faint reflection nebula is associated with the star Rigel but is almost 3 degrees west of the star. The blue color of the nebula is caused not only by blue color of Rigel, but also because the dust grains reflect blue light more efficiently than red. Earth’s daytime sky appears blue for the same reason.

The Ghost Ring Nebula IC 5148 in Grus, magnitude 13, size 2′. A pretty little planetary nebula in the neck of Grus the crane. If you can see Fomalhaut in Piscis Austrinus, look a little more south to find Grus. I tracked this one down and captured it in my eyepiece 2 weekends ago October 18, from my favorite dark sky site, Amboy Crater, in California’s Mojave Desert.

The Little Ghost Nebula NGC 6369 in Ophiuchus, magnitude
12.9, size 30″. A pretty planetary nebula, also discovered by William Herschel. Look for the mag 15.9 central star in this planetary nebula.

The Red Spider Nebula NGC 6537 in Sagittarius, magnitude
12.5, size 9″. A bipolar planetary nebula with a hot white dwarf star.

Phobos and Deimos (Fear and Terror) – the moons of Mars. It’s possible to see these small moons as you can see from my sketch, but easier to see when Mars is closer to Earth than it is now. Mars opposition in 2016 will be the best time to try! There’s nothing to fear!

Any lunar map will help you find your way to all of these lunar features, and they are all visible this year on Halloween. Here is my favorite lunar website Hitchhikers Guide to the Moon. You can get the general location of each Rukl lunar chart listed in the text below, then find the chart on the Rukl Map (most lunar observers favorite book of charts). This map shows where to find all the Lunar landing sites . Drop me a note if you would like a hard copy of this map, I have a whole box of them on my desk at work.

Hell, Rukl’s Atlas of the Moon, chart 64. 33 km crater near Deslandres, which is an amazing and very large and complex crater. The small crater Hell (actually named for 18th century Hungarian astronomer Maximilian Hell – who observed the 1769 Transit of Venus) is also near (north of) Tycho, one of the most prominent craters on the moon. Its’ bright rays will be easily visible a week after Halloween 2014 during the full moon phase. You’ll need a telescope to see Hell.

Lacus Doloris (Lake of Suffering), Rukl chart 23, 110 km mare. This Mare is just over the Montes Haemus from Mare Serenitatis (Sea of Serenity). If you’ve spotted the bright white (tiny) crater Linne, you’re close to the Lake of Suffering. This small lake is visible visible South of the bright crater Linne.

Lacus Mortis (Lake of Death), Rukl chart 14, 150 km diameter flooded crater. You’ll find it North of the great crater Posidonius, and North of easy-to-spot Mare Crisium, well placed for Halloween viewing this year. Through your telescope, find some great rilles (long, narrow depressions in the lunar surface that resemble channels) on the Western side of Lacus Mortis.

Lacus Timoris (Lake of Fear) and Palus Epidemiarum (Marsh of Epidemics), Rulk chart 63. In the Southwestern section of the moon. This section of the moon deserves a careful look through the telescopes. You’ll also find lunar domes and rilles in this region of the moon. Rima Hesiodus bisects the Eastern part of the Marsh of Epidemics. Lacus Timoris is an elongated region surrounded by mountains. Best seen near full moon, 6 days after Halloween 2014.

Palus Putrendis (Marsh of Rot), Rukl chart 22, 180 km small plain on the
prime meridian, near Hadley Rille and the Apollo 15 site. How can you not like the name Palus Putrendis? It’s easy to find between the crater Archimedes and Montes Apenninus. Well worth a look! Here’s a nice Lunar Map showing all the Apollo landing sites and more.

Boo Epsilon (36) (Bootes), double star, mag 2.5
and 4.9, yellow/orange and blue/green double

Boo Mu (51) Bootes, triple star, mag 4.3 and 7 and
7.6 triple, yellow primary, yellow/orange pair

Boo Xi (37) Bootes, quadruple star, mag 4.7
and 7.0, with a 9.6 and 12.6 companion, yellow and reddish/orange

Happy Halloween from PK 164+31.1 (Jones 1)

Jones 1, planetary nebula, faint but well worth the hunt

One one side of the green van is the Imaging zone

On the other side of the green van is the visual observing zone

When the clear sky chart reads perfect, we can’t wait to get [...]]]> Observing report, dark sky weekend, October, 2009, Chuckwalla Bench

A perfect night begins with Earth's shadow climbing in the east

One one side of the green van is the Imaging zone

On the other side of the green van is the visual observing zone

When the clear sky chart reads perfect, we can’t wait to get out to our favorite dark sky observing site, Chuckwalla Bench. I wondered what would happen when Mojo started dabbling in the dark art of imaging. I’m the old fashioned alt-az dob girl, and now my hubby would be keeping warm at the star party with the heat from electonic power supplies and batteries. Poor me! I pouted (for only about a year or so) before I learned to love the dark arts, and we now happily observe and image with only our 1998 green Dodge Caravan separating “his” imaging zone and “her” visual observing zone.

New moon Saturday night in October 2009 was another perfect observing night in the Colorado desert of Southern California. Temperatures were in the 90′s before the sunset, and cooled to about 65 by 2 a.m. when we took a pre-dawn snooze. Humidity remained in the teens.

Last month we had a great time combining visual observing and imaging. On the “visual” side of the observing field Gary and I were struggling to confirm our main project for the night, the asteroid Juno. Mojo was imaging the same target, and a quick look at his Juno image confirmed the star fields we were looking at visually. It was a lot of fun!

This month Gary and I were hunting down NGC 7640, a pretty elongated barred spiral galaxy just 4 degrees to the south of the popular Blue Snowball planetary nebula. This mag 12 galaxy should have been easy to find but its low surface brightness made it a challenge. It took my 17.5-incher to provide a great view, and then Gary was able to see it in his 12.5 incher too. In my scope the long and narrow galaxy’s core seemed bright, long and twisted, and the spiral arms were visible as wisps off both edges. We called Mojo over for a look and he thought it would make a nice imaging project, which it did!

Next it was Mojo who suggested a target he had imaged would make a nice project for us push-to observers. NGC 7541 is called a “showpiece” galaxy group in the Night Sky Observers Guide in Pisces. Soon I had a gorgeous visual view of this pretty pair of galaxies in my telescope, and called Mojo over for a view.

The other benefit of Mojo’s new hobby is that I can “suggest” targets for him to image. Then I can use them in my What’s Up podcast series. I used 4 of his lovely images in October’s Podcast about the Andromeda Galaxy. See if you can spot them. Two are views of the Andromeda galaxy. One shows the whole galaxy, and the other shows the galaxy as a smudge — exactly as it looks in a modest visual telescope. The other two are Milky Way images, one showing a washed out Milky Way (what most people actually see) with Jupiter and the other is his very pretty image of M52 and the Bubble Nebula, some of our own Milky Way’s jewels.

So it is possible to combine imaging and visual observing, and I look forward to our next outing! I’m preparing my “Honey Do” list of imaging targets to “suggest” to Mojo already.